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This is a very concise extract of Latin noun declensions and verb conjugations. These are usually the most challenging parts of learning the basics of Latin grammar for a beginner. Once the noun declensions and verb conjugations are learned, the only thing that remains is to learn the vocabulary and read as much as possible.

These paradigms are usually memorized by heart which takes a lot of time and effort. One way to make rote learning easier is to have a system with some minimal basics from which a whole set of material is extractable. This works because the human mind learns procedure better than raw data. With this in mind, I have designed the system below in order to minimize raw data to memorize and introduce procedures to derive all the declension and conjugation paradigms from the raw data.

I have used the famous book Wheelock's Latin to compile the tables below. After learning the paradigms, one can start by going through Wheelock's Latin, or start reading the awesome Latin reading series Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata by Hans Orberg (also look here). Dawling's Wheel is also a great place to practice the paradigms. For practicing the paradigms on memrise, you can use this course, and for learning the vocabulary from Wheelock's Latin, I recommend this course.

Once the system below is learned, in time, the paradigms will be decoupled from the system by practicing the language and you will have direct access to the paradigms in your mind as if you have memorized them by heart. However, while you are practicing the language, if you find yourself having forgotten a paradigm, you can use the system to derive it in your mind or you can simply refer to this page.

Noun and Adjective Declensions:

Nouns in Latin can appear in these cases: Nominative (viz. N), Genitive (viz. G), Dative (viz. D), Accusative (viz. A), Ablative (viz. Abl), and Vocative (viz. V) in singular and plural (viz. Ns, Gs, Ds, As, Abls, and Vs) forms. Refer to Wheelock's Latin to learn what the function of each grammatical noun case is in Latin.

Nouns also appear in five declensions meaning that there are five patterns that Latin nouns follow in their various cases. Some declensions can have slightly different versions.

Adjectives: All noun declension patterns also apply to adjective declensions. Adjectives fall into two groups: those following the first and second declension patterns (first declension for the feminine and second declension for the masculine and neuter cases) and those following the third declension patterns.

The first thing to memorize is the nominative singular (N) and genitive singular (G) endings of Latin nouns. All the other cases will be derived from these.

In the table below, replace the nominative singular ending with the genitive singular ending to get genitive singular cases (taking into account notes I, II, and III).

1st.

mostly feminine

2nd.

masculine

2nd.

masculine

2nd.^I

masculine

2nd.

neuter

3rd.^II

3rd.^III

3rd.

I-stem

3rd.

I-stem

4th.

5th.

ēs

ūs

ēī

Latin nouns are usually given in the nominative singular form accompanied by the genitive singular ending in dictionary entries. You can decide the declension paradigm by looking at the genitive singular ending.

The vocative singular of nouns like amicus and of masculine adjectives like magnus ends in -e. The vocative singular of filius and of names ending in -ius ends in a single -i (fili, vergili ); the vocative singular of the masculine adjective meus is mi ; the vocative singular of masculine adjectives ending in -ius ends in -ie (egregius, egregie ). Otherwise the vocative has the same form as the nominative in all declensions.

_{I. e.g.}_{ager, -gri}_{: ager (N), agri (G), agro (D), agrum (A), agro (Abl), agri (Ns), agrorum (Gs), agris (Ds), agros (As), agris (Abls)}

_{II. e.g.}_{rex, regis}_{: rex (N), regis (G), regi (D), regem (A), rege (Abl), reges (Ns), regum (Gs), regibus (Ds), reges (As), regibus (Abls)}

_{III. e.g.}_{corpus, corporis}_{: corpus (N), corporis(G), corpori (D), corpus (A), corpore (Abl), corpora (Ns), corporum (Gs), corporibus (Ds), corpora (As), corporibus (Abls)}

The table below shows how to derive declensions from each other.

In each large cell, a heading like G -> Ns , indicates that nominative plural (Ns) endings are derivable from genitive (G) endings using that particular cell.
Yellow cells show the endings which are alike.
In the second column of each large cell, the endings in parentheses are exceptions. These exceptions occur where the Exceptions column indicate. For example in the "G -> Ns" cell, in the third row we see "es (a)(ia)" in the Ns column corresponds to "3n, 3in" in the Exceptions column. This means that the ending will be "a" in third declension neuter nouns and "ia" in third declension i-stem neuter nouns (i means i-stem).
Consider memorizing this: rows 1,2, and 4 in Ns and rows 1 and 5 in D are equal to those in G. Rows 3,4, and 5 in As are equal to those in Ns. Ds is entirely equal to Abls.
Consider that the endings in the 1st column start with a, in the 4th with u, and in the 5th with e, except in the case of Ds.In the 2nd column the endings are either i, o, or u.

G -> Ns	G -> Gs	G -> D	G -> Ds
G	Ns	Exceptions	G	Gs	Exceptions	G	D	Exceptions	G	Ds	Exceptions
ae	ae		ae	ārum		ae	ae		ae	īs
ī	ī (a)	2n	ī	ōrum	ī	ō	ī	īs
is	ēs (a)(ia)	3n, 3in	is	um (ium)	3i	is	ī	is	ibus
ūs	ūs (ua)	4n	ūs	uum		ūs	uī (ū)	4n	ūs	ibus
ēī	ēs		ēī	ērum	ēī	ēī		ēī	ēbus
G -> A	Ns -> As	G -> Abl	Ds = Abls
G	A	Exceptions	Ns	As	Exceptions	G	Abl	Exceptions
ae	am		ae	ās		ae	ā
ī	um	ī	ōs (a)	2n	ī	ō
is	em (_)(e)	3n, 3in	Ns = As	is	e (ī)	3in
ūs	um (ū)	4n	ūs	ū
ēī	em		ēī	ē

Verb Conjugations:

Latin verbs have 5 conjugation paradigms: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 3rd(-io).

Each verb can appear in 4 participle forms, which are given in the dictionary entry.

You can read about the tenses, moods, etc. of Latin verbs in Wheelock's Latin.

There is also an appendix named "Svmmarivm Formarvm" at the end of the book which lists all the verb conjugations.

In the tables take notice of these:

1s = first person singular, 1pl = first person plural, etc.
When you see something like "x/y/z³", it means "x" for the case of the first conjugation, "y" for the second, and "z" for all the other cases.
"_" means that there should be nothing in its place. "<- y" means replace the letter immediately before where "y" should have happened with "y".
Also note that long vowels indicated by a dash over a vowel, are approximated here and not exact (you can learn about long and short vowel rules in Wheelock's Latin).

Simple Tenses (Indicative, Imperfect, Future):

Simple tenses are conjugated by taking the root of the verb (by dropping the ending off of the 2nd participle form of the verb with some slight modifications explained below), adding a flag (explained below), and adding the verb endings.

For getting the root of a verb:

For the 1st conjugation, drop "are" from the end of the second participle form of the verb.
For the 2nd and 3rd conjugations, drop "ere" from the end of the second participle form of the verb.
For the 4th conjugation, drop "re" form the end of the second participle form of the verb (an "i" will remain naturally).
For the 3rd (-io) conjugation, drop "ere" from the end of the second participle form of the verb and add an "i".

The table below, shows the verb endings of the simple tenses including the exceptions and where those exceptions occur.

(second participle - re + flag +) Verb Endings
Person	Active	Passive	Exception	When
Active	Passive
1s	m	r	ō	or	present indicative
o²/m³	or²/r³	future indicative
2s	s	ris
3s	t	tur
1pl	mus	mur
2pl	tis	minī
3pl	nt	ntur

The table below shows the flag letters. This is a set of letters (or a single letter) that should be added between the root of the verb and the verb ending.

(second participle - re +) Flag (+ verb endings)
Mood	Tense	Flag	Exception	When
indicative	present	ā/ē/i/_²	_ /ē/_ ³	1s
ā/ē/e/i/<-e	2s passive
ā/ē/u³	3pl
imperfect	āba/ēba⁴
future	ābi/ēbi/ē³	āb/ēb/a³	1s
ābe/ēbe/e³	2s passive
ābu/ēbu/e³	3pl
subjunctive	present	e/ea/a³
imperfect	infinitive ending^*

^{* in the imperfect tense of the subjunctive, just take the second participle form in its entirety and add the verb endings.}

Perfect Tenses (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect):

Perfect tenses in the active form are constructed thus:

Drop the "i" from the end of the 3rd participle to get the root.
In the case of the indicative perfect tense, add the endings in the corresponding cell in the table below (ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt for 1s, 2s, 3s, 1pl, 2pl, 3pl persons respectively) to the 3rd participle root.
In all the other cases, add the corresponding flag to the 3rd participle root (taking into account the exceptions) and add the corresponding active verb ending.

Perfect tenses in the passive form are made out of two words: the adjective and the verb.

For constructing the adjective, take the 4th participle of the verb (which is already in adjectival form) and adopt the correct ending (see the part on noun declension).
For constructing the verb, in case of the indicative perfect tense, take the appropriate verb from the table below (sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt for 1s, 2s, 3s, 1pl, 2pl, 3pl persons respectively).
For all the other cases, take the corresponding flag from the table below and attach the appropriate active verb ending (taking into account the exceptions).

Active = (third participle - ī +) Flag (+ active verb endings) Passive = (fourth participle +) Flag (+ active verb endings)
Mood	Tense	Flag	Exception	When
Active	Passive
ind.	perf.	ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt	sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
pluperf.	erā
fut. perf.	eri	er	1s
eru	3pl passive
subj.	perf.	eri	si
pluperf.	isse	esse

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This is a very compact extract of the grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French using two books and some online resources: "Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French" by Mikhail Petrunin, "The Grammar of Romance" by Joshua Rudder, the Lingolia website, etc.

This is designed with mnemonics and referencing in mind.

The method is to memorize these forms for one or all the languages, regarding for example the Spanish definite articles as a one word utterance: "ellaloslas". You can add to it other mnemonic techniques to better remember them, but once you start to use them in your language practice, they will be dissociated from their mnemonics and you'll have direct access to them in your mind. However, if you find you have forgotten any of the forms you can quickly think back to your mnemonic or just take a look at these extracts. After some time using the language, these will be consolidated enough that you will no longer need to reference them.

Articles:

These are the definite and indefinite articles. Regard each cell as a one word utterance. The dot distinguishes between articles in each cell. Disregard them after you get familiar with them; your mind will notice each article in a cell automatically.

In each cell the order of articles is as follows: masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, feminine plural. (the ones in parentheses are the alternate articles used in Italian. Look here to find out where to use them.)

Articles	Def.	Indef.
Spanish	el.la.los.las	un.una.unos.unas
Portuguese	o.a.os.as	um.uma.uns.umas
Italian	il.la.i.le (lo.la.gli.le)	un.una.dei.delle (uno.un'.degli.delle)
French	le.la.les.les	un.une.des.des

Pronouns:

The table is fairly self-explanatory.

After the diamond, there is first the masculine and then the feminine possessive pronoun.

The one in brackets (if exists), is not a pronoun but the possessive adjective.

The letters in parentheses should be added to the end of the preceding term to make it plural (the letters in parentheses should replace the red letters in the preceding term, not added to it).

Pronouns: (Subject, Propositional, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Reflexive, ◇Possesive[Possesive Adjective])	Sing.	Plur.
Spanish	1st	yo.mi.me.me.me ◇mio(s).mia(s).[mi(s)]	nosotros.nosotros.nos.nos.nos ◇nuestro(s).nuestra(s)
2nd	tu.ti.te.te.te ◇tuyo(s).tuya(s).[tu(s)]	vosotros.vosotros.os.os.os ◇vuestro(s).vuestra(s)
3rd masc.	el.el.lo.le.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]	ellos.ellos.los.les.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]
3rd fem.	ella.ella.la.le.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]	ellas.ellas.las.les.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]
Portuguese	1st	eu.mim.me.me.me ◇meu(s).minha(s)	nos.nos.nos.nos.nos ◇nosso(s).nossa(s)
2nd	tu.ti.te.te.te ◇teu(s).tua(s)	vos.vos.vos.vos.vos ◇vosso(s).vossa(s)
3rd masc.	ele.ele.o.lhe.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)	eles.eles.os.lhes.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)
3rd fem.	ela.ela.a.lhe.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)	elas.elas.as.lhes.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)
Italian	1st	io.me.mi.mi.mi ◇mio(ei).mia(e)	noi.noi.ci.ci.ci ◇nostro(i).nostra(e)
2nd	tu.te.ti.ti.ti ◇tuo(i).tua(e)	voi.voi.vi.vi.vi ◇vostro(i).vostra(e)
3rd masc.	lui.lui.lo.gli.si ◇suo(i).sua(e)	loro.loro.li.loro.si ◇loro(-).loro(-)
3rd fem.	lei.lei.la.le.si ◇suo(i).sua(e)	loro.loro.le.loro.si ◇loro(-).loro(-)
French	1st	je.moi.me.me.me ◇mien(s).mienne(s).[mon(es)]	nous.nous.nous.nous.nous ◇notre(s).notre(s).[notre(s)]
2nd	tu.toi.te.te.te ◇tien(s).tienne(s).[ton(es)]	vous.vous.vous.vous.vous ◇votre(s).votre(s).[votre(s)]
3rd masc.	il.lui.le.lui.se ◇sien(s).sienne(s).[son(es)]	ils.eux.les.leur.se ◇leur(s).leur(s)
3rd fem.	elle.elle.la.lui.se ◇sien(s).sienne(s).[son(es)]	elles.elles.les.leur.se ◇leur(s).leur(s)

Verb Endings:

Each cell contains verb endings for three forms of verbs found in romance languages. These are verbs whose infinitive forms end in "are", "ere", and "ire" in case of Italian. For other languages there are similar endings; you should get a sense of it. However, for brevity, not all the three forms are written in the cells as there are duplicates most of the time.

The patterns in the cells of the table below, should be expanded thus:

If you see a pattern like A(B), it should be expanded to A,A,A(B).
- In the expanded form, the first term is the "are" ending, the second one, the "ere" ending, and the third one, the "ire" ending. The ending in parenthesis is the alternate ending for the "are" infinitive form (curiously, there are no alternate endings for "ere" and "ire" forms).
If you see a pattern like [A,B]C(D), it should be expanded to AC,BC,BC(D).
If you see a pattern like [A,B,C]D, it should be expanded to AD,BD,CD.

[A,B]C(D) => AC,BC,BC(D)

[A,B,C]D => AD,BD,CD

A(B) => A,A,A(B)

Present

Present Perfect

Past

Past Perfect

Imperfect

Pluperfect

Future

Future Perfect

Past Participle

Present Participle

Indicative

Conditional (fut. stem+ending)

Subjunctive (Sp.Por.It.: 1st pres. ind. - o + ending; Fr: 3rd pl. pres. ind. - ent + ending)

Indicative (pres. ind.+pp.)

Conditional (pres. cond.+pp.)

Subjunctive (pres. subj.+pp.)

Indicative

Indicative (past ind.+pp.)

Indicative (Fr.: 1st pl. ind. - ons + ending)

Subjunctive (Sp.Por.: 3rd pl. past - ron,ram + ending; It.Fr.: 2nd s. - s,sti + ending)

Indicative (imperf. ind.+pp.)

Subjunctive (imperf. subj.+pp.)

Indicative (inf.+ending)

Subjunctive (Sp.Por.: 3rd pl. past - ron,ram + ending)

Indicative

Subjunctive (fut. subj.+pp.)

Sp.

1st

[a,e,i]mos

iamos

[e,a]

[e,a]mos

he+pp.

hemos+pp.

habria+pp.

habriamos+pp.

haya+pp.

hayamos+pp.

[e,i]

[a,i]mos

hube+pp.

hubimos+pp.

[aba,ia]

[ab,i]amos

ra(se)

ramos(semos)

habia+pp.

habiamos+pp.

hubiera(hubiese)+pp.

hubieramos(hubiesemos)+pp.

emos

remos

habre+pp.

habremos+pp.

hubiere+pp.

hubieremos+pp.

[a,i]do

[a,ie]ndo

2nd

[a,e]s

[a,e,-]is

ias

iais

[e,a]s

[e,a]is

has+pp.

habeis+pp.

habrias+pp.

habriais+pp.

hayas+pp.

hayais+pp.

[a,i]ste

[a,i]steis

hubiste+pp.

hubisteis+pp.

[abas,ias]

[ab,i]ais

ras(ses)

rais(seis)

habias+pp.

habiais+pp.

hubieras(hubieses)+pp.

hubierais(hubieseis)+pp.

eis

res

reis

habras+pp.

habreis+pp.

hubieres+pp.

hubiereis+pp.

3rd

[a,e]

[a,e]n

ian

[e,a]

[e,a]n

ha+pp.

han+pp.

habria+pp.

habrian+pp.

haya+pp.

hayan+pp.

[o,io]

[a,ie]ron

hubo+pp.

hubieron+pp.

[aba,ia]

[ab,i]an

ra(se)

ran(sen)

habia+pp.

habiait+pp.

hubiera(hubiese)+pp.

hubieran(hubiesen)+pp,

ren

habra+pp.

habran+pp.

hubiere+pp.

hubieren+pp.

Por.

1st

[a,e,i]mos

iamos

[e,a]

[e,a]mos

tenho+pp.

temos+pp.

teria+pp.

teriamos+pp.

tenha+pp.

tenhamos+pp.

[ei,i]

[a,e,i]mos

tinha+pp.

tinhamos+pp.

[ava,ia]

[av,i]amos

sse

ssemos

amos

tivesse+pp.

tivessemos+pp.

emos

rmos

terei+pp.

teremos+pp.

tiver+pp.

tivermos+pp.

[a,i]do

[a,e,i]ndo

2nd

[a,e]s

[a,e,-]is

ias

ieis

[e,a]s

[e,a]is

tens+pp.

tendes+pp.

terias+pp.

terieis+pp.

tenhas+pp.

tenhais+pp.

[a,e,i]ste

[a,e,i]stes

tinhas+pp.

tinheis+pp.

[avas,ias]

[av,i]eis

sses

sseis

eis

tivesses+pp.

tivesseis+pp.

eis

res

rdes

teras+pp.

tereis+pp.

tiveres+pp.

tiverdes+pp.

3rd

[a,e]

[a,e]m

iam

[e,a]

[e,a]m

tem+pp.

teria+pp.

teriam+pp.

tenha+pp.

tenham+pp.

[o,e,i]u

[a,e,i]ram

tinha+pp.

tinham+pp.

[ava,ia]

[av,i]am

sse

ssem

tivesse+pp.

tivessem+pp.

ão

rem

tera+pp.

terão+pp.

tiver+pp.

tiverem+pp.

It.

1st

o(isco)

iamo

emmo

[i,a]

iamo

ho(sono)+pp.

abbiomo(siamo)+pp.

avrei(sarei)+pp.

avremmo(saremmo)+pp.

abbia(sia)+pp.

abbiamo(siamo)+pp.

[a,e,-]i

[ia,em,im]mo

ebbi(fui)+pp.

avemmo(fummo)+pp.

[a,e,i]vo

[a,e,i]vamo

ssi

ssimo

avevo(ero)+pp.

avevamo(eravamo)+pp.

avessi(fossi)+pp.

avessimo(fossimo)+pp.

emo

avro(saro)+pp.

avremo(saremo)+pp.

[a,u,i]to

[a,e]ndo

2nd

i(isci)

[a,e,i]te

esti

este

[i,a]

iate

hai(sei)+pp.

avete(siete)+pp.

avresti(saresti)+pp.

avreste(sareste)+pp.

abbia(sia)+pp.

abbiate(siate)+pp.

[a,e,i]sti

[a,e,i]ste

avesti(fosti)+pp.

aveste(foste)+pp.

[a,e,i]vi

[a,e,i]vate

ssi

ste

avevi(eri)+pp.

avevate(eravate)+pp.

avessi(fossi)+pp.

aveste(foste)+pp.

ete

avrai(sarai)+pp.

avrete(sarete)+pp.

3rd

[a,e](isce)

[a,o]no(iscono)

ebbe

ebbero

[i,a]

[i,a]no

ha(e)+pp.

hanno(sono)+pp.

avrebbe(sarebbe)+pp.

avrebbero(sarebbero)+pp.

abbia(sia)+pp.

abbiano(siano)+pp.

o,e,i

[a,e,i]rono

ebbe(fu)+pp.

ebbero(furono)+pp.

[a,e,i]va

[a,e,i]vano

sse

ssero

aveva(era)+pp.

avevano(erano)+pp.

avesse(fosse)+pp.

avessero(fossero)+pp.

anno

avra(sara)+pp.

avranno(saranno)+pp.

Fr.

1st

[e,s](is)

ons(issons)

ais

ions

ai(suis)+pp.

avons(sommes)+pp.

aurais(serais)+pp.

aurions(serions)+pp.

aie(sois)+pp.

ayons(soyons)+pp.

[ai,is]

[a,i]mes

eus(fus)+pp.

eumes(fumes)+pp.

ais

ions

sse

ssions

avais(etais)+pp.

avions(etions)+pp.

eusse(fusse)+pp.

eussions(fussions)+pp.

ons

aurai(serai)+pp.

aurons(serons)+pp.

e,u,i

ant

2nd

[es,s](is)

ez(issez)

ais

iez

as(es)+pp.

avez(etes)+pp.

aurais(serais)+pp.

auriez(sariez)+pp.

aies(sois)+pp.

ayez(soyez)+pp.

[as,is]

[a,i]tes

eus(fus)+pp.

eutes(futes)+pp.

ais

iez

sses

ssiez

avais(etais)+pp.

aviez(etiez)+pp.

eusses(fusses)+pp.

eussiez(fussiez)+pp.

auras(seras)+pp.

aurez(serez)+pp.

3rd

e-t(it)

ent(issent)

ait

aient

ent

a(est)+pp.

ont(sont)+pp.

aurait(serait)+pp.

auraient(seraient)+pp.

ait(soit)+pp.

aient(soient)+pp.

[a,it]

[e,i]rent

eut(fut)+pp.

eurent(furent)+pp.

ait

aient

ssent

avait(etait)+pp.

avaient(etaient)+pp.

eut(fut)+pp.

eussent(fussent)+pp.

ont

aura(sera)+pp.

auront(seront)+pp.

\\r\\n