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\r\nClick here to get a version of this in your own Evernote

This is a very compact extract of the grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French using two books and some online resources: "Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French" by Mikhail Petrunin, "The Grammar of Romance" by Joshua Rudder, the Lingolia website, etc.

This is designed with mnemonics and referencing in mind.

The method is to memorize these forms for one or all the languages, regarding for example the Spanish definite articles as a one word utterance: "ellaloslas". You can add to it other mnemonic techniques to better remember them, but once you start to use them in your language practice, they will be dissociated from their mnemonics and you'll have direct access to them in your mind. However, if you find you have forgotten any of the forms you can quickly think back to your mnemonic or just take a look at these extracts. After some time using the language, these will be consolidated enough that you will no longer need to reference them.

Articles:

These are the definite and indefinite articles. Regard each cell as a one word utterance. The dot distinguishes between articles in each cell. Disregard them after you get familiar with them; your mind will notice each article in a cell automatically.

In each cell the order of articles is as follows: masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, feminine plural. (the ones in parentheses are the alternate articles used in Italian. Look here to find out where to use them.)

Articles	Def.	Indef.
Spanish	el.la.los.las	un.una.unos.unas
Portuguese	o.a.os.as	um.uma.uns.umas
Italian	il.la.i.le (lo.la.gli.le)	un.una.dei.delle (uno.un'.degli.delle)
French	le.la.les.les	un.une.des.des

Pronouns:

The table is fairly self-explanatory.

After the diamond, there is first the masculine and then the feminine possessive pronoun.

The one in brackets (if exists), is not a pronoun but the possessive adjective.

The letters in parentheses should be added to the end of the preceding term to make it plural (the letters in parentheses should replace the red letters in the preceding term, not added to it).

Pronouns: (Subject, Propositional, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Reflexive, ◇Possesive[Possesive Adjective])	Sing.	Plur.
Spanish	1st	yo.mi.me.me.me ◇mio(s).mia(s).[mi(s)]	nosotros.nosotros.nos.nos.nos ◇nuestro(s).nuestra(s)
2nd	tu.ti.te.te.te ◇tuyo(s).tuya(s).[tu(s)]	vosotros.vosotros.os.os.os ◇vuestro(s).vuestra(s)
3rd masc.	el.el.lo.le.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]	ellos.ellos.los.les.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]
3rd fem.	ella.ella.la.le.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]	ellas.ellas.las.les.se ◇suyo(s).suya(s).[su(s)]
Portuguese	1st	eu.mim.me.me.me ◇meu(s).minha(s)	nos.nos.nos.nos.nos ◇nosso(s).nossa(s)
2nd	tu.ti.te.te.te ◇teu(s).tua(s)	vos.vos.vos.vos.vos ◇vosso(s).vossa(s)
3rd masc.	ele.ele.o.lhe.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)	eles.eles.os.lhes.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)
3rd fem.	ela.ela.a.lhe.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)	elas.elas.as.lhes.se ◇seu(s).sua(s)
Italian	1st	io.me.mi.mi.mi ◇mio(ei).mia(e)	noi.noi.ci.ci.ci ◇nostro(i).nostra(e)
2nd	tu.te.ti.ti.ti ◇tuo(i).tua(e)	voi.voi.vi.vi.vi ◇vostro(i).vostra(e)
3rd masc.	lui.lui.lo.gli.si ◇suo(i).sua(e)	loro.loro.li.loro.si ◇loro(-).loro(-)
3rd fem.	lei.lei.la.le.si ◇suo(i).sua(e)	loro.loro.le.loro.si ◇loro(-).loro(-)
French	1st	je.moi.me.me.me ◇mien(s).mienne(s).[mon(es)]	nous.nous.nous.nous.nous ◇notre(s).notre(s).[notre(s)]
2nd	tu.toi.te.te.te ◇tien(s).tienne(s).[ton(es)]	vous.vous.vous.vous.vous ◇votre(s).votre(s).[votre(s)]
3rd masc.	il.lui.le.lui.se ◇sien(s).sienne(s).[son(es)]	ils.eux.les.leur.se ◇leur(s).leur(s)
3rd fem.	elle.elle.la.lui.se ◇sien(s).sienne(s).[son(es)]	elles.elles.les.leur.se ◇leur(s).leur(s)

Verb Endings:

Each cell contains verb endings for three forms of verbs found in romance languages. These are verbs whose infinitive forms end in "are", "ere", and "ire" in case of Italian. For other languages there are similar endings; you should get a sense of it. However, for brevity, not all the three forms are written in the cells as there are duplicates most of the time.

The patterns in the cells of the table below, should be expanded thus:

If you see a pattern like A(B), it should be expanded to A,A,A(B).
- In the expanded form, the first term is the "are" ending, the second one, the "ere" ending, and the third one, the "ire" ending. The ending in parenthesis is the alternate ending for the "are" infinitive form (curiously, there are no alternate endings for "ere" and "ire" forms).
If you see a pattern like [A,B]C(D), it should be expanded to AC,BC,BC(D).
If you see a pattern like [A,B,C]D, it should be expanded to AD,BD,CD.

[A,B]C(D) => AC,BC,BC(D)

[A,B,C]D => AD,BD,CD

A(B) => A,A,A(B)

Present

Present Perfect

Past

Past Perfect

Imperfect

Pluperfect

Future

Future Perfect

Past Participle

Present Participle

Indicative

Conditional (fut. stem+ending)

Subjunctive (Sp.Por.It.: 1st pres. ind. - o + ending; Fr: 3rd pl. pres. ind. - ent + ending)

Indicative (pres. ind.+pp.)

Conditional (pres. cond.+pp.)

Subjunctive (pres. subj.+pp.)

Indicative

Indicative (past ind.+pp.)

Indicative (Fr.: 1st pl. ind. - ons + ending)

Subjunctive (Sp.Por.: 3rd pl. past - ron,ram + ending; It.Fr.: 2nd s. - s,sti + ending)

Indicative (imperf. ind.+pp.)

Subjunctive (imperf. subj.+pp.)

Indicative (inf.+ending)

Subjunctive (Sp.Por.: 3rd pl. past - ron,ram + ending)

Indicative

Subjunctive (fut. subj.+pp.)

Sp.

1st

[a,e,i]mos

iamos

[e,a]

[e,a]mos

he+pp.

hemos+pp.

habria+pp.

habriamos+pp.

haya+pp.

hayamos+pp.

[e,i]

[a,i]mos

hube+pp.

hubimos+pp.

[aba,ia]

[ab,i]amos

ra(se)

ramos(semos)

habia+pp.

habiamos+pp.

hubiera(hubiese)+pp.

hubieramos(hubiesemos)+pp.

emos

remos

habre+pp.

habremos+pp.

hubiere+pp.

hubieremos+pp.

[a,i]do

[a,ie]ndo

2nd

[a,e]s

[a,e,-]is

ias

iais

[e,a]s

[e,a]is

has+pp.

habeis+pp.

habrias+pp.

habriais+pp.

hayas+pp.

hayais+pp.

[a,i]ste

[a,i]steis

hubiste+pp.

hubisteis+pp.

[abas,ias]

[ab,i]ais

ras(ses)

rais(seis)

habias+pp.

habiais+pp.

hubieras(hubieses)+pp.

hubierais(hubieseis)+pp.

eis

res

reis

habras+pp.

habreis+pp.

hubieres+pp.

hubiereis+pp.

3rd

[a,e]

[a,e]n

ian

[e,a]

[e,a]n

ha+pp.

han+pp.

habria+pp.

habrian+pp.

haya+pp.

hayan+pp.

[o,io]

[a,ie]ron

hubo+pp.

hubieron+pp.

[aba,ia]

[ab,i]an

ra(se)

ran(sen)

habia+pp.

habiait+pp.

hubiera(hubiese)+pp.

hubieran(hubiesen)+pp,

ren

habra+pp.

habran+pp.

hubiere+pp.

hubieren+pp.

Por.

1st

[a,e,i]mos

iamos

[e,a]

[e,a]mos

tenho+pp.

temos+pp.

teria+pp.

teriamos+pp.

tenha+pp.

tenhamos+pp.

[ei,i]

[a,e,i]mos

tinha+pp.

tinhamos+pp.

[ava,ia]

[av,i]amos

sse

ssemos

amos

tivesse+pp.

tivessemos+pp.

emos

rmos

terei+pp.

teremos+pp.

tiver+pp.

tivermos+pp.

[a,i]do

[a,e,i]ndo

2nd

[a,e]s

[a,e,-]is

ias

ieis

[e,a]s

[e,a]is

tens+pp.

tendes+pp.

terias+pp.

terieis+pp.

tenhas+pp.

tenhais+pp.

[a,e,i]ste

[a,e,i]stes

tinhas+pp.

tinheis+pp.

[avas,ias]

[av,i]eis

sses

sseis

eis

tivesses+pp.

tivesseis+pp.

eis

res

rdes

teras+pp.

tereis+pp.

tiveres+pp.

tiverdes+pp.

3rd

[a,e]

[a,e]m

iam

[e,a]

[e,a]m

tem+pp.

teria+pp.

teriam+pp.

tenha+pp.

tenham+pp.

[o,e,i]u

[a,e,i]ram

tinha+pp.

tinham+pp.

[ava,ia]

[av,i]am

sse

ssem

tivesse+pp.

tivessem+pp.

ão

rem

tera+pp.

terão+pp.

tiver+pp.

tiverem+pp.

It.

1st

o(isco)

iamo

emmo

[i,a]

iamo

ho(sono)+pp.

abbiomo(siamo)+pp.

avrei(sarei)+pp.

avremmo(saremmo)+pp.

abbia(sia)+pp.

abbiamo(siamo)+pp.

[a,e,-]i

[ia,em,im]mo

ebbi(fui)+pp.

avemmo(fummo)+pp.

[a,e,i]vo

[a,e,i]vamo

ssi

ssimo

avevo(ero)+pp.

avevamo(eravamo)+pp.

avessi(fossi)+pp.

avessimo(fossimo)+pp.

emo

avro(saro)+pp.

avremo(saremo)+pp.

[a,u,i]to

[a,e]ndo

2nd

i(isci)

[a,e,i]te

esti

este

[i,a]

iate

hai(sei)+pp.

avete(siete)+pp.

avresti(saresti)+pp.

avreste(sareste)+pp.

abbia(sia)+pp.

abbiate(siate)+pp.

[a,e,i]sti

[a,e,i]ste

avesti(fosti)+pp.

aveste(foste)+pp.

[a,e,i]vi

[a,e,i]vate

ssi

ste

avevi(eri)+pp.

avevate(eravate)+pp.

avessi(fossi)+pp.

aveste(foste)+pp.

ete

avrai(sarai)+pp.

avrete(sarete)+pp.

3rd

[a,e](isce)

[a,o]no(iscono)

ebbe

ebbero

[i,a]

[i,a]no

ha(e)+pp.

hanno(sono)+pp.

avrebbe(sarebbe)+pp.

avrebbero(sarebbero)+pp.

abbia(sia)+pp.

abbiano(siano)+pp.

o,e,i

[a,e,i]rono

ebbe(fu)+pp.

ebbero(furono)+pp.

[a,e,i]va

[a,e,i]vano

sse

ssero

aveva(era)+pp.

avevano(erano)+pp.

avesse(fosse)+pp.

avessero(fossero)+pp.

anno

avra(sara)+pp.

avranno(saranno)+pp.

Fr.

1st

[e,s](is)

ons(issons)

ais

ions

ai(suis)+pp.

avons(sommes)+pp.

aurais(serais)+pp.

aurions(serions)+pp.

aie(sois)+pp.

ayons(soyons)+pp.

[ai,is]

[a,i]mes

eus(fus)+pp.

eumes(fumes)+pp.

ais

ions

sse

ssions

avais(etais)+pp.

avions(etions)+pp.

eusse(fusse)+pp.

eussions(fussions)+pp.

ons

aurai(serai)+pp.

aurons(serons)+pp.

e,u,i

ant

2nd

[es,s](is)

ez(issez)

ais

iez

as(es)+pp.

avez(etes)+pp.

aurais(serais)+pp.

auriez(sariez)+pp.

aies(sois)+pp.

ayez(soyez)+pp.

[as,is]

[a,i]tes

eus(fus)+pp.

eutes(futes)+pp.

ais

iez

sses

ssiez

avais(etais)+pp.

aviez(etiez)+pp.

eusses(fusses)+pp.

eussiez(fussiez)+pp.

auras(seras)+pp.

aurez(serez)+pp.

3rd

e-t(it)

ent(issent)

ait

aient

ent

a(est)+pp.

ont(sont)+pp.

aurait(serait)+pp.

auraient(seraient)+pp.

ait(soit)+pp.

aient(soient)+pp.

[a,it]

[e,i]rent

eut(fut)+pp.

eurent(furent)+pp.

ait

aient

ssent

avait(etait)+pp.

avaient(etaient)+pp.

eut(fut)+pp.

eussent(fussent)+pp.

ont

aura(sera)+pp.

auront(seront)+pp.

\r\n

","text"]

Personal notes on "A Life of Meaning" by James Hollis

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